A chromatid is one of the two identical copies of a chromosome formed during DNA replication. Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere.

Two identical chromatids attached at the centromere. They are separated during Anaphase-II of meiosis.

A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent) that have the same genes but may have different versions (alleles). They pair up during Prophase-I.

The process where homologous chromosomes pair up closely during Prophase-I, allowing crossing over to occur.

The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during Prophase-I. This increases genetic diversity.

The points where homologous chromosomes are physically connected and crossing over occurs.

The region where sister chromatids are held together. It is essential for chromosome movement during cell division.

Protein structures that help in chromosome movement during meiosis by attaching to the centromere.

A protein complex on the centromere where spindle fibers attach during cell division.

A group of four chromatids (two homologous chromosomes) formed during Prophase-I of meiosis.

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during Metaphase-I, increasing genetic variation.

Cells with half the number of chromosomes (e.g., gametes like sperm and egg cells).

Cells with a full set of chromosomes (e.g., body cells). They contain homologous chromosome pairs.

An abnormal number of chromosomes due to errors like non-disjunction.

Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that contain half the genetic material of a normal cell.

The diploid cell formed after the fusion of two gametes (fertilization).

The process of egg cell formation in females through meiosis.

The process of sperm cell formation in males through meiosis.

Another term for Meiosis-I, as it reduces the chromosome number by half.

Another term for Meiosis-II, as it maintains the chromosome number.